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Chii Mechanics Kuseri kweDash Cams?

Mumakore achangopfuura, dash cam akawana mukurumbira unoshamisa pakati pevatyairi.Zvishandiso izvi zvidiki asi zvine simba zvinoshanda sematurusi akakosha mukuchengetedza vatyairi panzendo dzavo.Asi wakambozvibvunza here nezvemashiripiti ari kumashure kwekugona kwavo kutora nekuchengetedza mifananidzo iwe uchifambisa nzira yakashama?Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora mechanics edash cam, tichiburitsa zvakavanzika zvemabatiro avanoita mukuchengetedza migwagwa.

Chii chinonzi Dash Cam?

Dash cams, macompact camera akanamirwa padashboard yemotokari, anozadzisa basa rekutora maonero emugwagwa nepahwindo panguva yenzendo.Vanoshandira zvinangwa zvakasiyana, kubva pakunyora tsaona uye zviitiko kusvika pakuchengetedza zvisingakanganwike madhiraivha.Dash cams vakawana mukurumbira pakati pevatyairi nekuda kwekugona kwavo kupa humbowo hwakakosha muzvichemo zveinishuwarenzi nemakakatanwa emutemo.

Dash cams vanoratidza kusiyana muchimiro chavo uye kushanda kwavo, vachipa kune dzakasiyana siyana zvavanoda.Nepo mamwe mamodheru achitarisa chete pakurekodha vhidhiyo, mamwe anozvirumbidza epamberi senge GPS yekutevera, kuona kufamba, kuona kwehusiku, uye kunyange WiFi yekubatanidza.Chinhu chinozivikanwa pakati peakawanda dash cams kurekodha loop, uko kamera inoramba ichirekodha uye nekupfuudza iwo ekare tsoka kuti iwane zvitsva zvakarekodhwa.Kuita uku kunochengetedza kurekodha isina musono uye-yezvino yenhoroondo yako yekutyaira pasina kudiwa kwemanyorerwo ememory memory kadhi.

Mhando dzeDash Cams

Dash makamera anowanikwa mumhando dzakasiyana siyana, imwe neimwe yakarongedzwa kune chaiyo yaunofarira uye zvinodiwa.Iwo maviri makuru mapoka ndeamwe-lens uye maviri-lens dash kamera.Kamwe-lens dash makamera akashongedzerwa nelenzi yega inotora mifananidzo kubva pakona yakatarwa, kazhinji yakatarisana kumberi kwemotokari.Kusiyana neizvi, maviri-lens dash kamera anosanganisira maviri lenzi, achivagonesa kurekodha mifananidzo kubva kumberi nekumashure kwemotokari, ichipa maonero akazara.

Kupfuura aya ekutanga mapoka, iyo dash cam musika inopa hupfumi hwesarudzo dzine akasiyana maficha.Semuenzaniso, mamwe mamodheru anouya akashongedzerwa ne infrared husiku hwekuona kugona, kuve nechokwadi akarekodhwa akajeka mumamiriro epasi-mwenje.Vamwe vanozvikudza senge kufamba kwekuona kana g-sensor tekinoroji, iyo inokonzeresa kurekodha mukupindura kufamba kana kungoerekana kwachinja mukumhanya.Aya maficha anogona kuratidza kukosha mukutora humbowo hwakakosha pakaitika tsaona kana zviitiko zvemumugwagwa zvisingatarisirwi.

Zvisinei nerudzi rwaunosarudza, zvakakosha kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti mudziyo waunosarudza unoenderana nehurongwa hwemotokari yako uye kuti tambo dzese dzinodiwa dzinosanganisirwa.Uyezve, kubvunza ongororo yevatengi inogona kuve nhanho yakakosha pakuita sarudzo ine ruzivo, ichikubatsira iwe kuwana iyo dash cam modhi inonyatso kuenderana nezvako chaizvo zvaunoda uye zvaunofarira.

Zvikamu zveA Dash Cam

Dash cams inoumba akati wandei akakosha zvikamu zvinoshanda mukuwirirana kurekodha uye kuchengeta vhidhiyo vhidhiyo zvinobudirira.Izvi zvakakosha zvikamu zvinowanzo sanganisira kamera, sensor yemufananidzo, processor, kuchengetedza, uye sosi yemagetsi.

Iyo kamera inoshanda sechinhu chikuru chinokonzeresa kurekodha vhidhiyo.Iyo ine sensor yemufananidzo inoshandura mwenje unouya kuita masaini edata.Aya masaini anobva agadziriswa ne dash cam's processor, iyo inoashandura kuita mifananidzo inogona kushandiswa.Mifananidzo inenge yabuda inozochengetwa ingave mundangariro yemukati memudziyo kana pane yekunze memori kadhi.

Simba rinowanzo kupihwa kuburikidza nekubatanidza zvakananga kune USB yekubuda kana yemotokari inorerutsa fodya.Zvichienderana neiyo chaiyo dash cam modhi, zvimwe zvikamu zvinogona kuverengerwa.Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira GPS inogamuchira yekutevera nzvimbo, Wi-Fi modules yekubatanidza isina waya, masensor akasiyana ekuwedzera kushanda, uye kunyange infrared kamera kufambisa kugona kwehusiku.Aya ekuwedzera maficha akabatana anovimbisa kuti dash cam inoburitsa yakajeka uye yakavimbika vhidhiyo vhidhiyo zvisinei nenguva yezuva kana mamiriro ekunze.

Vhidhiyo Hunhu Uye Kugadziriswa

Dash camm dzakagadzirwa zvine hungwaru kutora mifananidzo yemhando yepamusoro yevhidhiyo, zvichiita kuti mota dzizivikanwe, zviso, zviratidzo zvemumugwagwa, uye kunyange marezenisi.Iyo vhidhiyo resolution inopihwa nedash cams inogona kusiyanisa zvakanyanya, kubva payakaderera HD kusvika inoshamisa yakakwira 8K resolution.

Zvinhu zvakati wandei zvinopa kune iyo yakazara vhidhiyo mhando, iine akakosha magadzirirwo ari rudzi rwekamera sensor, lens aperture, uye furemu chiyero.Iyo kamera sensor inoita basa rakakosha nekuona huwandu hwechiedza chainogona kuunganidza, ichikanganisa zvakananga kunaka kwemufananidzo.Zvichakadaro, iyo lens aperture inoisa hupamhi kana hutete hwemunda wekuona panguva yekurekodha.Aperture yakafara inobvumira chiedza chakawanda kupinda mulenzi, zvichikonzera mifananidzo yakajeka ine mazinga akakura eruzivo.Chiyero chechimiro, chakayerwa mumafuremu pasekondi (FPS), chimwe chinhu chakakosha uye chinowanzobva pamakumi matatu kusvika pamakumi matanhatu FPS kumakamera mazhinji edash.Yepamusoro furemu chiyero haingogonese kutamba kwakapfava asi zvakare inosimudzira mhando yevhidhiyo, kunyanya pakugadziriswa kwepamusoro.

Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti ese aya maficha anoshanda tandem kuendesa yepamusoro-tier vhidhiyo yekurekodha chiitiko.Kunzwisisa kwakazara kwemhando yevhidhiyo uye zvigadziriso zvekutanga zvinopa vanhu simba rekuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo kana vachisarudza dash cam yemotokari yavo.

Audio Recording kugona

Pamusoro pevhidhiyo, dash cams inoshongedzerwa nekugona kurekodha odhiyo.Uku kurekodha kwekuteerera kunowanzo kutorwa kuburikidza neyakavakirwa-mukati maikorofoni yakabatanidzwa muchishandiso.Nepo mhando yeodhiyo yakarekodhwa ichisiyana zvichienderana nemhando chaiyo uye mhando yedash cam yako, inotaridza kuti yakakwana kutora nhaurirano uye manzwi akapoteredza anoitika mukati nekunze kwemotokari.

Kukwanisa Kuchengeta Uye Zvinodiwa Memory Card

Zvichienderana nekugadzirwa uye modhi, dash cams kazhinji ine dura rekuchengetedza kubva 32GB kusvika 256GB.Vamwe vane ndangariro yakavakirwa-mukati nepo vamwe vachida microSD kadhi kuchengetedza mavhidhiyo marekodhi.

Mhando yekadhi reSD raunoshandisa zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa nedash cam yako.Kazhinji, mhando dzepamusoro dzinoda makadhi ane simba anogona kubata nekukurumidza kuverenga nekunyora kumhanya.Tsvaga SDHC Kirasi 10 kana UHS-I Kirasi 10 kadhi kana kamera yako ichiitsigira.Rudzi urwu rwekadhi reSD rakanyatsokodzera HD kurekodha pamitengo yakakwira furemu.

Izvo zvakakosha kuti usarudze iyo chaiyo mhando yememory kadhi sezvo mhando dzisiridzo dzinogona kukonzera kukuvadza kune dash cam yako uye zvinogona kukonzera kurasikirwa nedata kana huwori.Saka iva nechokwadi chekutarisa bhuku rekhamera yako usati watenga chero memori makadhi emudziyo wako.

Inorekodha Sei?

Dash makamera anoshanda sezvapupu zvakavimbika panguva yekufamba kwako, achitora kwete nzvimbo chete asiwo zviitiko zvakakosha munzira.Iwo anowanzo kuve akashongedzerwa nehupamhi-ekona lens inodarika 140 ° kana kupfuura, ichiva nechokwadi chenzvimbo yakafara yekuvhara yekurekodha.

Dash cams inowana simba radzo kubva kune yemukati rechargeable bhatiri kana capacitor bhatiri.Kana injini yemotokari yako ichishanda uye kamera ikabatidzwa, inokweva simba kubva mubhatiri remota kuburikidza ne USB kana chibatiso chefodya.Kurongeka uku kunobvumira iyo dash cam kuti irambe ichirekodha mukati merwendo rwako uye kuchengeta iwo mavhidhiyo zvakananga pane memori kadhi.

Paunenge wasvika kwauri kuenda, unogona kusaita kufambisa chero yakakosha tsoka kune imwe mudziyo wekuchengetera, senge laptop, USB drive, kana smartphone.Iyi mushandisi-inoshamwaridzika maitiro inoita kuti iwe utarise zviitiko zvakakosha zvingave zvakaitika panguva yerwendo rwako, zvichipa imwe yakawedzera yekuvimba nekuchengetedzeka uri munzira.

Installation Process

Kuisa dash cam inzira yakatwasuka iyo inogona kupedzwa mumatanho mashoma akareruka.Heino gwara rinokurumidza kukubatsira kuseta dash cam yako mukati memota yako:

  1. Power Connection: Tanga nekubatanidza tambo yemagetsi yedash cam yako kune socket yemotokari yako inorerutsa fodya.Kubatana uku kunopa simba rinodiwa kune dash cam.
  2. Kukwirisa: Tevere, sungirira dash cam pamhepo yemotokari yako uchishandisa ingave yakapihwa yekumisikidza kapu yekumisikidza kana gomo rinonamira, zvichienderana nedash cam model yako.Ita shuwa kuti gomo rakanyatsonamirwa kune windshield.
  3. Kugadziriswa kweLens: Kana dash cam yave panzvimbo, gadzirisa lens angle kuti uwane maonero akakwana emugwagwa uri kumberi.Ita shuwa kuti lens yakanyatso kurongeka kuti itore nzvimbo yaunoda kutarisa.

Nematanho matatu akareruka aya, dash cam yako ichaiswa nenzira kwayo uye yakagadzirira kutanga kurekodha yakakosha mifananidzo paunenge uchityaira.

Hupenyu hwebhatiri uye kuchaja

Dash makamera akashongedzerwa pamwe akavakirwa-mukati lithium-ion bhatiri kana capacitor bhatiri, zvose zvinoda nguva dzose simba sosi kushanda zvinobudirira.

  • Bhatiri Rakavakwa: Dash makamera ane bhatiri rakavakirwa-mukati anogona kupa simba kweanenge maminetsi mashanu kusvika gumi nemashanu kana asina kubatana kune kunze kwesimba sosi.Iyi yenguva pfupi yekuchengetedza magetsi inobvumira dash cam kuti ivhure uye itore marekodhi kana iri mumodhi yekupaka, kunyangwe injini yemotokari yakadzimwa.
  • Ekunze Masimba Masimba: Kuti uchengetedze simba rinoenderera paunenge uchityaira, dash cams inogona kubatanidzwa kune ekunze magetsi socket yemotokari inorerutsa socket kana USB outlet.Nekudaro, zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti magetsi ekunze aya anofanira kuburitswa kana mota yadzimwa kudzivirira kudhiza bhatiri remotokari.
  • Parking Mode uye Hardwiring: Kune vashandisi vanoda kushandisa Parking Mode ficha, iyo inorekodha zviitiko apo mota yakamiswa, hardwiring kit inokurudzirwa zvakanyanya.Iyi kit inobatanidza dash cam yakananga kumagetsi emotokari uye inobvumira kuti itore simba pasina kubvisa bhatiri guru remotokari.Iyi setup inovimbisa kuti dash cam inogona kuramba ichitarisa uye kurekodha kunyangwe mota yakamira pasina njodzi yekudonha kwebhatiri.

Nekunzwisisa aya masource source sarudzo uye kufunga, vashandisi vanogona kuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo nezve mabatiro avo edash cams kuti aenderane nezvavanoda uye zvavanoda.

Usati waisa dash cam yako kushanda, zvakakosha kuti utarise zvinotevera zvinhu:

  1. Voltage uye Amperage Zvinodiwa: Tarisa voltage uye amperage zvinodiwa zvakatsanangurwa kune yako dash cam.Mazhinji akajairwa majaja e USB anofanira kukwana kuti ape inodiwa ikozvino kuti dash cam yako ishande nemazvo.
  2. Shandisa Chaiyo Chaja: Ita shuwa kuti unoshandisa iyo chaiyo charger uye magetsi sosi kune yako chaiyo dash cam modhi.Kushandisa charger ine voltage isiriyo kunogona kukanganisa mudziyo wako.
  3. Special Charger Features: Mamwe majaja anouya ane akakosha maficha sekudzivirira tembiricha kana otomatiki kudzima.Aya maficha anogona kupa hupenyu hurefu hwedash cam yako nekuichengetedza kubva pakupisa kana kuwandisa.
  4. External Power Source: Kana uri kushandisa rekunze simba sosi, gara uchiyeuka kuibvisa kana mota isiri kushanda.Iyi tsika inobatsira kudzivirira kupera kwebhatiri remotokari yako, kuve nechokwadi kuti inotanga nekuvimbika.

Nekuomerera kune izvi kufunga uye kuchengetedza kwakaringana, unogona kutarisira makore ebasa rakavimbika kubva kune yako dash cam uku uchiwedzera kuchengetedzeka kwako uye rugare rwepfungwa munzira.

Parking Mode Kushanda

Kupaka modhi chinhu chakakosha chinowanikwa mune akawanda dash cams, inobvumira kamera kuti iite otomatiki uye kurekodha kana ichinge yaona mavibrations kana kukanganisa mota yako yakamiswa.Iyi ficha inoshanda sechishandiso chekutarisa, kutora chero chiitiko chinofungidzirwa pamotokari yako yakamira kana usipo.

Parking mode inogona kugadziridzwa kurekodha pane yakaderera furemu chiyero uye kugadziriswa, ichiwedzera nguva yekurekodha kuvhara nguva refu.Pamusoro pezvo, akawanda dash cams anouya akashongedzerwa nekufamba kwekuona maficha anogona kugoneswa kuchengetedza simba.Kuonekwa kwekufamba kunotora chero kufamba kuri pedyo nemotokari yako, zvichikwanisa kuratidza chiitiko chekufungidzira.

Kuti ushandise iyo Parking Mode chimiro zvakachengeteka uye zvinobudirira, zvinokurudzirwa zvakanyanya kuomesa dash cam yako kumotokari yako.Izvi zvinoita kuti magetsi arambe aripo pasina kubvisa bhatiri remota yako, zvichibvumira dash cam yako kuti itarise mota yako nenzvimbo dzayo kunyangwe usipo.

Kubatana Sarudzo

Dash makamera akashongedzerwa neakasiyana ekubatanidza sarudzo kuti aenderane neakasiyana zvido zvevashandisi.Izvi zvinosanganisira:

  1. USB Kubatana: Mazhinji dash cams anogonesa vashandisi kubatanidza mudziyo wavo zvakananga kune komputa kana laptop vachishandisa USB tambo.Izvi zvinobvumira kuendesa zviri nyore mavhidhiyo akarekodhwa kumakombuta kuti aone kana kuchengetwa.
  2. Kubatana kweWiFi: Mamwe madhidhi kamera anoratidza kubatana kweWiFi, zvichiita kuti vashandisi vatore kana kuona zvakarekodhwa zvisina waya.Iyi isina waya yekubatanidza inorerutsa maitiro ekuwana uye kubata vhidhiyo mafaera kuburikidza ne smartphone app kana komputa.
  3. Cloud Service: Yepamusoro-yekupedzisira dash cam modhi inogona kupa gore sevhisi kushanda, uko mavhidhiyo akarekodhwa anokwidzwa kune gore-yakavakirwa kuchengetedza papuratifomu yekuzodzoserwa gare gare.Nekudaro, izvi zvinowanzo batanidza kunyoreswa kwemwedzi uye zvinogona kuda WiFi hotspot yekubatanidza.

Idzi sarudzo dzekubatanidza dzinopa kuchinjika mumabatiro evashandisi uye kubata yavo dash cam footage, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuongorora uye kutora zvakarekodha zvakakosha sezvinodiwa.

Zvimwe Zvimiro (Gps, Wi-Fi, G-Sensor, Night Vision Etc.)

Dash makamera anouya akashongedzerwa nehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinowedzera kushandiswa kwavo kupfuura zvakakosha zvekurekodha.Aya maficha anowedzera kushanda kwavo uye kubatsira:

  1. GPS Tracking: Mazhinji dash cams anosanganisira GPS yekutevera, ichipa chaiyo nzvimbo data.Ichi chiitiko chakakosha pakuronda nhoroondo yako yekutyaira, kusanganisira kumhanya uye nzvimbo, kunyanya panguva yekufamba.
  2. Kubatana kweWi-Fi: Dash cams ine Wi-Fi yekubatanidza inobvumidza iwe kuti utepfenyure mhepfenyuro yakananga kune yako smartphone kana piritsi.Ichi chidimbu chinorerutsa-pa-kuenda ongororo yemifananidzo uye inofambisa nyore kurodha kune yako nharembozha.
  3. G-Sensor (Accelerometer): Iyo G-sensor chinhu chakakosha chinoona kukurumidza kumhanyisa, kudzikisira, uye kukanganisa.Kana simba rakasimba raonekwa, dash cam inochengetedza uye inokiya vhidhiyo.Izvi zvinova nechokwadi chekuti kurekodha kwakakosha hakugone kunyorwa kana kudzimwa, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakakosha pakunyora tsaona uye zviitiko.
  4. Night Vision uye Yakaderera-Chiedza Kurekodha: Mamwe dash cams akashongedzerwa nehusiku chiratidzo kana yakaderera-mwenje yekurekodha kugona.Iyi tekinoroji inowedzera kuoneka mumamiriro asina kunaka ekuvhenekesa, sekutyaira husiku, mhute, kana kunaya.Inobvumira kamera kutora zvakakosha izvo zvingave zvakaoma kuona neimwe nzira.Iwo akarekodhwa mavhidhiyo anogona kushanda sehumbowo hwakakosha muzvikwereti zveinishuwarenzi kana kutongwa kwemutemo.

Aya maficha epamberi anowedzera huwandu hwezviitiko umo dash cams inoratidza kubatsira, kubva pakupa humbowo mutsaona kusvika pakuvandudza kuoneka panguva yakaoma yekutyaira.

Zvinorehwa neMutemo

Nepo ma dash cams achigona kuve maturusi akakosha ekuzvidzivirira pamunhu paunenge uchityaira, zvakakosha kuti uzive zvingangoitika mumutemo, kunyanya maererano nekurekodha.Mune dzimwe nyika nematunhu, zvinogona kunge zvisiri pamutemo kurekodha audio mukati memotokari pasina kupihwa mvumo nevanhu vese varipo.Izvi zvinoreva kuti kana uine vafambi mumotokari yako, zvakakosha kuti uvazivise kuti uri kurekodha odhiyo usati wamisa dash cam.

Mitemo yekuvanzika inogona kusiyanisa zvakanyanya kubva kune imwe nyika kana nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe, saka zvinokurudzirwa kuti utarise nevakuru venzvimbo yako kana kubvunza vezvemutemo kuti unzwisise iyo chaiyo mitemo inodzora kushandiswa kwedash cam munharaunda yako.Kuziviswa nezve zviri pamutemo zvekushandisa dash cam kunogona kubatsira kuve nechokwadi chekuti unoshandisa chishandiso chakakosha ichi nenzira inoenderana nemitemo yemuno uye inoremekedza kodzero dzekuvanzika dzemunhu.

Mutengo Wekuva neDash Cam

Kuve nedash cam kunowanzo kukwanisika, nemhando zhinji dzinowira mukati meiyo yakaderera madhora makumi mashanu kusvika kumazana mashoma emadhora.Mutengo wedash cam unowanzo kutsanangurwa nemaitiro ayo uye kamera mhando.Zvimiro zvakajairika zvinowanzosanganisira HD kurekodha, loop kurekodha, uye g-sensor.Mamwe mamodheru anodhura anogona kupa mashandiro epamberi senge kudhumhana yambiro masisitimu uye kuchengetedza kwegore kweakarekodhwa footage.

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti mutengo wekuva nedash cam haupere nekutenga kwekutanga.Iwe unozofanirwawo kuronga mari yekuwedzera mari, iyo inogona kusanganisira memori makadhi ekuchengetera zvakarekodhwa uye angangoita tambo kana adapter yekubatanidza dash cam kune akasiyana midziyo.Uyezve, kana ukasarudza masevhisi ekuchengetedza gore kana zvirongwa zvekunyorera kuti uwane maficha epamberi, izvi zvinogona kuuya neimwe mari.

Nepo kune mari dzirikuenderera mberi dzine chekuita nedash cam varidzi, dzakadzikira kana zvichienzaniswa nezvimwe zvinhu zvemotokari.Runyararo rwepfungwa, chengetedzo, uye kugona kuongorora zvibodzwa pakaitika zviitiko kana tsaona mumugwagwa zvinowanzoita kuti mari yacho ive yakakosha.

Maintenance uye Kuchengeta

Kuve nechokwadi chekuti dash cam yako inoramba ichishanda nemazvo, zvakakosha kuti upe gadziriso uye nehanya.Heano mamwe matanho akakosha ekutevera:

  1. Chenesa Lens: Chengetedza lenzi yekamera yakachena nguva dzese kuchengetedza marekodhi akajeka uye asina kuvharika.Gara uchipukuta tsvina, guruva, kana smudges zvinogona kuungana pa lens.
  2. Gadzirisa Kamera Angle: Nguva nenguva gadzirisa kona yekamera kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti inobata maonero akanaka emugwagwa uri kumberi.Izvi zvinogona kubatsira kuwedzera kushanda kwedash cam yako mukutora zviitiko zvakakosha.
  3. Firmware Updates: Gara uchiziva nezve firmware zvigadziriso zvinopihwa nemugadziri.Izvi zvigadziriso zvinogona kuwedzera mashandiro, kugadzirisa tsikidzi, uye kunatsiridza kuita kwese.Isa zvigadziriso nekukasika kana zvave kuwanikwa.
  4. Tarisa Memory Cards: Gara uchiongorora memori kadhi rinoshandiswa kuchengetedza mifananidzo.Memory cards ane hupenyu hushoma uye anogona kushatiswa nekufamba kwenguva.Kutsiva yekare memori kadhi neitsva kunobatsira kudzivirira kurasikirwa kwedata kana kukuvadzwa kwezvakarekodhwa.
  5. Ongorora Gomo: Nguva nenguva ongorora iyo dash cam yekumisikidza michina yezviratidzo zvekusakara uye kubvaruka.Ita shuwa kuti gomo rinoramba rakachengeteka kudzivirira kukuvara kungangoita mudziyo.

Nekutevedzera maitiro ekugadzirisa aya, unogona kuve nechokwadi chekuti dash cam yako inoshanda nemazvo uye nekuvimbika.Kuchengeta kwakaringana uye kuchengetedza kwete chete kuchengetedza mari yako asi zvakare ive nechokwadi chekuti unotora yakakosha pikicha paunenge uchiida zvakanyanya, pakupedzisira ichikuchengetera nguva nemari mukufamba kwenguva.


Nguva yekutumira: Oct-09-2023